Strategies for robust electrocatalytic activity of 2D materials: ORR, OER, HER, and CO2RR

Electrocatalysis utilizing 2D materials is an encouraging approach for advancing sustainable energy conversion technologies. This review explores the strategies employed to achieve robust electrocatalytic activity of 2D materials in key reactions, namely, the OER, HER, and CO2RR. The distinct structural and electrical characteristics of 2D materials offer opportunities for rapid catalytic performance, indicating significant energy efficiency and selectivity. We systematically discuss the factors governing the electrocatalytic efficiency of two-dimensional materials, including their intrinsic properties, surface modification techniques, heterostructure engineering, and the role of defects. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances in experimental and theoretical studies to understand the fundamental mechanisms of 2D materials with respect to their catalytic behavior. For the HER, OER, and ORR, defect engineering, phase engineering, interface engineering, and heteroatom doping techniques have been explored. In addition, in the case of the CO2RR, surface modification, surface-structure tuning, and electrolyte and electrolyzer optimization strategies were examined. This review emphasizes prospective two-dimensional materials as efficient and sustainable electrocatalysts for energy conversion processes. Moreover, it provides future insights into this rapidly evolving field and highlights the possible challenges. In conclusion, it aims to serve as a remarkable resource for researchers seeking to harness the potential response of two-dimensional materials for sustainable energy conversion applications.