Synthesizing the Ecological and Societal Ramifications of Environmental Stressors on Philippine Marine Ecosystems: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Coral reefs, which serve as essential ecosystems that support marine biodiversity and coastal populations, are declining at an alarming rate worldwide, including in the Philippines. This study explores the specific effects of overfishing, the causes, and effects of pollution on Philippine waters to understand better rising sea levels, ocean acidification, the overall impact of climate change on coral reefs, and the value of these coral habitats to local communities. Data were acquired using a qualitative approach through literature reviews of secondary sources. The findings show that overfishing, pollution, climate change, and habitat destruction are major causes of coral reef decline in the Philippines. These factors have resulted in severe reductions in coral cover, biodiversity loss, and decreased ecosystem services. Furthermore, coral reef decline has far-reaching consequences for Philippine biodiversity, including decreased resistance to environmental stressors and greater vulnerability of coastal people. This study highlights the urgency for coordinated conservation initiatives, such as enhanced management tactics, sustainable fishing practices, and climate change mitigation measures. Recommendations include creating marine protected areas, stronger coastal development rules, and public awareness programs to support coral reef protection. Addressing coral reef loss is crucial for protecting Philippine biodiversity and ensuring the long-term viability of marine ecosystems.