Production, characterization, and potential phenol content of various grades liquid smoke made from coconut shell waste (Cocos nucifera L.)

Abstract Liquid smoke contains various compounds that can be grouped into groups of phenolic compounds, acids, and groups of carbonyl compounds. These compound groups act as antimicrobials, antioxidants, flavoring, and coloring agents. Because liquid smoke can act as an antimicrobial and antioxidant, liquid smoke can be used as a preservative. Liquid smoke is classified as grade 3, 2, and 1 according to its properties and applications. The results of this research are phytochemical analysis for all variations of liquid smoke, showing the content of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and steroids/triterpenoids. The characterization results of various grades liquid smoke (3; 2; 1) respectively are yield (9.75% w/w; 60%v/v; 50.9%v/v), pH value (2.68; 2.46; 2.42), total acid (13.44%; 14.34%; 17.36%), specific gravity of (1.0499; 1.0435; 1.0421 g/mL), total phenol content (23.0186; 12.3135; 7.8879), Pb and Cd levels of 0.218; 0.207; 0.202 mg/L and 0.019; 0.010; 0.008mg/L. Identification using UV-Vis and FTIR spectrophotometry. Isolation using thin-layer chromatography showed that it contained flavonoids with an Rf value of 0.31, 0.31, 0.29. The conclusion was that various grades liquid smoke can be produced with appropriate characteristics and have high total phenol potential.