A state of the art review on energy management techniques and optimal sizing of DERs in grid-connected multi-microgrids

In recent times, there has been a growing focus on multi-micro-grids (MMGs) system, owing to its well-suited structures for efficiently accommodating large-scale integration of distributed energy resources (DER). This attention is driven by the system's cost-effectiveness, enhanced efficiency, stability, and reliability performance, achieved through the collaborative exchange of power flow among individual micro-grids (MGs) and the main grid. Fundamental strategies for attaining optimal energy flow and sharing involve the optimal sizing of MGs and the implementation of an Energy Management System (EMS). These strategies play a crucial role in addressing uncertainties associated with intermittent generation, load fluctuations and energy market dynamics. This paper offers a review of grid-connected MMG topologies, EMS structures, coordination methods and current optimization approaches designed to meet EMS objectives. To address the inherent volatilities, the paper introduces various uncertainty quantification techniques along with current challenges. Additionally, it suggests future directions, emphasizing intelligent and predictive modeling to handle uncertainties, as well as recommending the incorporation of energy storage systems (ESSs) to align with emerging trends.