Low-carbon economic dispatch of hydrogen-containing integrated energy system considering stepped demand response

Vigorously developing an integrated energy system (IES) centered on the utilization of hydrogen energy is a crucial strategy to achieve the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. During the energy conversion process, a hydrogen storage system releases a large amount of heat. By integrating a heat recovery mechanism, we have developed a sophisticated hydrogen energy utilization model that accommodates multiple operational conditions and maximizes heat recovery, thereby enhancing the efficiency of energy use on the supply side. To harness the potential of load-side response, an integrated demand response (IDR) model accounting for price and incentives is established, and a ladder-type subsidy incentive mechanism is proposed to deeply unlock load-side response capacity. Considering system economics and low carbon, an IES source-load coordinated optimal scheduling model is proposed, optimizing source-load coordinated operation for optimally integrated economy, factoring in reward and punishment ladder-type carbon trading. Demonstrations reveal that the proposed methodology not only improves the efficiency of energy utilization but also minimizes wind energy wastage, activates consumer engagement, and reduces both system costs and carbon emissions, thus proving the effectiveness of our optimization approach.