Chronic low‐dose chromium VI exposure induces oxidative stress and apoptosis with altered expressions of DNA repair genes and promoter hypermethylation in the liver of Swiss albino mice

Abstract The present investigation dealt with harmful effects of hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) on liver of Swiss albino mice. This variant exhibited cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. Our study focused on elucidating the hepatotoxic effects of chronic low‐dose exposure to Cr (VI) (2, 5, and 10 ppm) administered via drinking water for 4 and 8 months. The observed elevation in SGPT, ALP, and SGOT and increased oxidative stress markers unequivocally confirmed the severe disruption of liver homeostasis at these low treatment doses. Noteworthy alterations in histoarchitecture, body weight, and water intake provided further evidences of the harmful effects of Cr (VI). Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during metabolism led to DNA damages. Immunohistochemistry and qRT‐PCR analyses revealed that chronic low‐dose exposure of Cr (VI) induced apoptosis in liver tissue. Our study exhibited alterations in the expression pattern of DNA repair genes ( Rad51 , Mutyh , Mlh1 , and Ogg1 ), coupled with promoter hypermethylation of Mutyh and Rad51 , leading to transcriptional inhibition. Our findings underscored the potential of low‐dose Cr (VI) exposure on hepatotoxicity by the intricate interplay between apoptosis induction and epigenetic alterations of DNA repair genes.