Close-range photogrammetry for analysis of rock relief details: An investigation of symbols purported to be Jewish Menorahs in Rough Cilicia

Close-range photogrammetry of certain rock reliefs in Rough Cilicia was used to investigate published claims that symbols in them represent Jewish menorahs, but with five branches instead of the usual seven. Details of ancient rock reliefs are difficult to assess because of mottled rock texture, color variation, wear or damage, and conditions of lighting. Thus, published photos of the rock reliefs in question are insufficient for evaluation of claims about them. Simple photogrammetry, however, produces 3D and digital elevation models that eliminate visual ambiguity and provide certainty of detail for analysis. This study describes the simple, non-invasive, and inexpensive data collection technique and the photogrammetry software processing workflow for creation of such models. Resulting models in various presentation formats provide factual data for reevaluation of the claimed menorahs themselves and their relationship to other elements of the reliefs. These findings contribute to informed discussion on interpretation of the symbols and their meaning. Adoption of the process described here is encouraged for subsequent publication, analysis, and interpretation of rock relief details in the region.