Unveiling the Role of Hydrolytic Enzymes from Soil Biocontrol Bacteria in Sustainable Phytopathogen Management

Background: Phytopathogens, encompassing fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, pose a significant threat to the agricultural industry by causing substantial economic losses through severe plant diseases. The excessive use of synthetic fungicides to combat phytopathogens has raised environmental and human health concerns. Results: Consequently, there is an increasing demand for safe and environmentally friendly biopesticides to align with consumer preferences for uncontaminated food. One particularly promising alternative to synthetic fungicides involves harnessing biocontrol bacteria that produce extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes serve to effectively manage phytopathogens while concurrently fostering sustainable plant protection. Among the pivotal hydrolytic enzymes generated by biocontrol bacteria are chitinase, cellulase, protease, lipase, glucanase, and amylase. These enzymes exert their influence by breaking down the cell wall, proteins, and DNA of phytopathogens, thereby establishing a dependable method of biocontrol. Conclusions: Recognizing the critical role of these hydrolytic enzymes in sustainable biocontrol, this review seeks to delve into their primary functions, contribution to sustainable plant protection, and mechanisms of action. Through an exploration of the potential presented by biocontrol bacteria and their enzymatic mechanisms, we can discern effective and environmentally conscious strategies for managing phytopathogens in agriculture.