Distributionally robust PV planning and curtailment considering cyber attacks on electric vehicle charging under PV/load uncertainties

A manipulated charging behavior of electric vehicles (EVs) due to an adversary along with the uncertain photovoltaic (PV) generation outputs and loads may lead to unstable power distribution system operations with voltage and current violations. To resolve this issue, this paper proposes an optimization framework where the following two types of uncertainties are addressed: (i) the natural uncertainties of PV generation outputs/loads and (ii) artificial uncertainties of load altering attacks (LAAs) on EV charging stations (EVCSs) via the manipulation of EV charging control signals. The proposed framework is formulated as a Wasserstein metric-integrated distributionally robust optimization (DRO)-based Volt/VAR optimization (VVO) problem. The proposed DRO-based VVO framework combined with PV planning and curtailment aims to minimize substation energy and voltage imbalance along with the complete removal of the constraint violations while handling uncertain PV generation outputs/loads and LAAs. To use off-the-shelf optimization solvers, tractable reformulation of the chance constraints of the voltage, current, and curtailed PV real power of the original DRO problem is provided. Numerical examples tested over IEEE 13-bus and 37-bus systems with PV systems and EVCSs show the efficiency of the proposed DRO framework in terms of substation energy, voltage imbalance, and PV planning/curtailment cost under stochastic LAAs.