Analysis of self-supporting conformal cooling channels additively manufactured by hybrid directed energy deposition for IM tooling

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) of injection moulding (IM) tools has attracted significant interest in the polymer manufacturing industry for quite some time. However, hybrid manufacturing (HM) using directed energy deposition (DED), which involves concurrent additive and subtractive manufacture, has not been a commonly used process for IM tooling manufacture. This is apparent despite several advantages over the prevalent laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) alternative, including higher build rate, lower cost and integrated machining to directly achieve higher tolerances and surface finish. A key reason for this low utilisation is the limited ability of DED processes to produce circular channel profiles typically used in IM tooling, due to stricter constraints on the manufacturability of overhanging geometry. To address this, a range of self-supporting IM cooling channel profiles suited for hybrid laser and powder-based DED manufacture are proposed in this work. Numerical and experimental evaluations are conducted of the cooling performance of several non-circular conformal cooling channel (NCCC) profiles to identify a profile which achieves the maximum heat transfer for a constant cross-sectional area and coolant flow rate. Experimental studies included AM builds to evaluate the DED manufacturability of the selected NCCC profile on a conformally cooled HM benchmark model, followed by cooling performance characterisation, including a comparison against a reference L-PBF manufactured benchmark model. In conclusion, a shape correcting factor is obtained using response surfaces. This factor is used to convert thermal performance calculations for non-circular profiles to a conventional circular channel profile to simplify the DED manufacturing process for non-circular IM cooling channels.