Subpolar overturning variability from 1993 to 202

The subpolar North Atlantic is a region crucial for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), where waters in the AMOCs upper limb are progressively transformed into its lower limb. Observations from the OSNAP (Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program) array since 2014 further reveal that the AMOC mostly occurs at the OSNAP East section stretching between Greenland and Scotland. Here, we present an extended AMOC time series at OSNAP East from 1993 to 2020, using a combination of in-situ and satellite observations. The results show a time-mean AMOC of 17.1 1.8 Sv during this time period, which has substantial interannual-to-decadal variability. To understand this variability, contributions from hydrographic and sea level changes will be discussed.