S100A12 is involved in the pathology of osteoarthritis by promoting M1 macrophage polarization via the NF-κB pathway

Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that affects millions worldwide. Synovitis and macrophage polarization are important factors in the development of OA. However, the specific components of synovial fluid (SF) responsible for promoting macrophage polarization remain unclear.