Measuring kinematic anisotropies with pulsar timing arrays

Recent Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) collaborations show strong evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) with the characteristic Hellings-Downs inter-pulsar correlations. The signal may stem from supermassive black hole binary mergers, or early universe phenomena. The former is expected to be strongly anisotropic while primordial backgrounds are likely to be predominantly isotropic with small fluctuations. In case the observed SGWB is of cosmological origin, our relative motion with respect to the SGWB rest frame is a guaranteed source of anisotropy, leading to O (10^-3) energy density fluctuations of the SGWB. These kinematic anisotropies are likely to be larger than the intrinsic anisotropies, akin to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) dipole anisotropy. We assess the sensitivity of current PTA data to the kinematic dipole anisotropy and also provide forecasts with which the magnitude and direction of the kinematic dipole may be measured in the future with an SKA-like experiment. We also discuss how the spectral shape of the SGWB and the location of pulsar observed affects the prospects of detecting the kinematic dipole with PTA. A detection of this anisotropy may even help resolve the discrepancy in the magnitude of the kinematic dipole as measured by CMB and large-scale structure observations.