An Overview of Dyeing without Water Techniques

An enormous quantity of water, chemicals, and energy are used in the traditional textile coloring process. Furthermore, hazardous byproducts from the dye house, including excess dyestuff, salts, auxiliary chemicals, and solvents, are released into the environment and represent a major risk to public health. Owing to the growing worldwide consciousness about environmental concerns and the scarcity of water in several regions, the textile sector is compelled to explore for substitute eco-friendly technologies that may curtail the usage of freshwater and the corresponding hazardous waste products. In this review we will discusses some of the water- and environmentally-friendly dying techniques such as air dyeing , foam dyeing and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) assisted dyeing technologies, which have been developed to support safe, economical, and sustainable textile dyeing process. These methods offer several benefits when compared to traditional ones, including less waste and greenhouse gas emissions, shorter working times, lower energy usage, etc. In addition, their high diffusivity, easy availability, reusability and non-toxicity render the procedure both eco-friendly and economically viable.