Association between liver enzymes and type 2 diabetes: a real-world study

Aim This study aimed to examine the association of liver enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk, particularly their dose-response relationship. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled participants aged 20 years old who underwent physical examination at our local hospital from November 2022 to May 2023. A generalized additive model (GAM) was fit to assess the dose-response relationship between liver enzymes and T2D risk. Furthermore, data from the UK Biobank (n=217,533) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011-2018; n= 15,528) were analyzed to evaluate whether the dose-response relationship between liver enzymes and T2D differed by population differences. Results A total of 14,100 participants were included (1,155 individuals with T2D and 12,945 individuals without diabetes) in the analysis. GAM revealed a non-linear relationship between liver enzymes and T2D risk ( P non-linear 0.001). Specifically, T2D risk increased with increasing ALT and GGT levels (range, 50 IU/L) and then plateaued when ALT and GGT levels were 50 IU/L. Elevated AST within a certain range (range, 35 IU/L) decreased the risk of T2D, whereas mildly elevated AST (35 IU/L) became a risk factor for T2D. The UK Biobank and NHANES data analysis also showed a similar non-linear pattern between liver enzymes and T2D incidence. Conclusion Liver enzymes were non–linearly associated with T2D risk in different populations, including China, the UK, and the US. Elevated ALT and GGT levels, within a certain range, could increase T2D risk. More attention should be given to liver enzyme levels for early lifestyle intervention and early T2D prevention. Further studies are necessary to explore the mechanism of the non-linear association between liver enzymes and T2D risk.