Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoformulated Grape Seed Oil against Oral Microbes: An In Vitro Study

antimicrobial agents, and avoidance of unwanted side effects, and high cost of the treatments. 5umerous techniques can be used to increase the quantities of bioactive metabolites in plants and produce chemically standardized extracts; plants are the source of hundreds of phytochemicals. 6,7Grapes are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds and its seeds and leaves are considered to have medicinal value.The phytochemical Acylated procyanidin obtained from grape seeds is bioactive in nature. IntroductIonPeriodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that alters the integrity of the tooth-supporting tissues, which include the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. 1 Periodontitis occurs as the inflammation reaches the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone which leads to tooth loss. 2 The underlying cause of the disease is the presence of a polymicrobial biofilm that forms as plaque on the tooth surface.Periodontal pathogens generate deteriorating by-products and enzymes that dissolve the extracellular matrices as well as host cell membranes to generate nutrients for their growth and function. 3ntimicrobial drugs both systemic and in the form of local drugs have been administered and antimicrobial drugs have proved remarkably effective for the control of bacterial infections.However, some pathogens develop antibiotic resistance to many of the first-line effective drugs by protective biofilms, and horizontal gene transfer. 4Therefore, it is necessary to develop drugs that are effective against these resistant microorganisms.Recently, in the field of drug development, the interest for herbal medicine and herbal formulations using various plant fractions and extracts has increased consistently.The reasons behind the development of herbal products were the reduction in antimicrobial drug resistance of some microbes to existing