Problems of crime prevention by operational-investigative units in Kazakhstan

Relevance. Crime prevention by operational-investigative units is an integral part of effective law enforcement, yet it is increasingly being overshadowed by a punitive approach focused on arrests rather than proactive prevention measures. This reactive approach results in significant societal costs and fails to address the root causes of criminal behavior. Purpose. This study aims to examine the challenges faced in organizing effective crime prevention efforts by operational-investigative units in Kazakhstan and propose clear criteria to evaluate and improve the efficacy of such preventive measures. Methodology. An integrated approach combining theoretical principles from related legal branches and practical insights from the activities of operational-investigative units in Kazakhstan is employed. Various research methods, including system-structural, comparative, logical, and transition from general to particular concepts, are utilized. Results. The study identifies several key issues hindering preventive efforts, such as a lack of conceptual understanding, a prevailing punitive mindset among law enforcement officers, and an absence of clear evaluation criteria. To address these challenges, the authors propose specific criteria focusing on early detection of criminal intent, timely intervention to prevent crime completion, and retrospective analysis of preventive measures' effectiveness. Conclusions. Implementing the proposed criteria consistently can reorient the operational-investigative units' approach toward a stronger emphasis on prevention. This shift is crucial for addressing the root causes of crime, reducing societal costs, and enhancing the overall effectiveness of law enforcement efforts in Kazakhstan.