Estimating vegetation water content from Sentinel-1 C-band SAR data over savanna and grassland ecosystems

Abstract Studying vegetation water content (VWC) dynamics is essential for understanding plant growth, water and carbon cycles, and ecosystem stability. However, acquiring field-based VWC estimates, consistently through space and time, is challenging due to time and resource constraints. This study investigates the potential of Sentinel-1 C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data for estimating VWC in natural ecosystems in central Brazil. We assessed (i) how well Sentinel-1 SAR data can capture variations in VWC over three different vegetation types (i.e. dry and waterlogged grasslands, and savannas) and (ii) how the studied vegetation types respond to seasonal dry periods in terms of water content. Field data from 82 plots, distributed across the three vegetation types and revisited in four different seasons, were used to calibrate and validate a model for VWC estimation. The calibrated model, with an R 2 of 0.52 and RMSE of 0.465 kg m −2 , was then applied to Sentinel-1 SAR backscatter data to generate monthly VWC maps for grassland and savanna ecosystems at 30 m spatial resolution between April 2015 and September 2023. These maps, combined with rainfall and potential evapotranspiration data, provided insights into how the studied vegetation types respond to water shortage during the dry season at the community scale. More specifically, savannas showed to be better able to retain higher levels of water content during the dry season, probably due to a higher water holding capacity of the woody component together with its deep-root system ability to access deeper groundwater. This research demonstrates the potential of Sentinel-1 SAR data for monitoring VWC in natural ecosystems, allowing for future studies to assess ecosystems’ response to drought events and changes in their functioning, ultimately supporting land management decisions.