The stability of rubble mound breakwaters is highly affected by extreme wave loading. While extensive research has been devoted to wave-induced scour and liquefaction around breakwaters, comprehensive stability evaluations of the rubble mound breakwater core remain limited. This study develops a numerical framework to investigate the stability of rubble mound breakwaters subjected to solitary wave loading. Wave motion is modeled using the Navier–Stokes equations, wave-induced pore pressure is computed based on Darcy’s law, and soil behavior is represented through the Mohr–Coulomb constitutive model. The numerical model is validated against experimental data. To assess structural stability, the strength reduction method is employed to calculate the Factor of Safety (FOS) during wave propagation, with the minimum FOS serving as the stability criterion. Furthermore, the influence of key parameters, including wave height, soil shear strength, wave–current interaction, berm dimensions, and slope gradient, on breakwater stability is systematically analyzed.
Liu et al. (Fri,) studied this question.