Periyar E. V. Ramasamy: Architect of Rationalism and Social Justice in Tamil Nadu

Periyar E. V. Ramasamy (1879–1973) remains one of the most influential social reformers in modern India, whose life and work were devoted to challenging caste hierarchies, promoting rationalist thought, and advocating for gender equality. Operating in a socio-political context dominated by Brahminical hegemony, Periyar emerged as a radical voice for the oppressed, particularly non-Brahmins, Dalits, and women. Through the establishment of the Self-Respect Movement, he institutionalized efforts to raise awareness about social inequities, caste-based discrimination, and the oppressive nature of religious orthodoxy. Periyar’s philosophy combined rationalism, anti-caste activism, and women’s emancipation, arguing that true liberation could only be achieved by dismantling social hierarchies and questioning superstitions. He consistently emphasized education, critical thinking, and social dignity as essential tools for empowerment. By promoting self-respect, equality, and rationalist principles, Periyar not only challenged entrenched traditions but also laid the foundation for progressive social and political movements in Tamil Nadu and beyond. In contemporary India, where caste-based discrimination, gender inequality, and social exclusion persist, Periyar’s ideas remain highly relevant. His critique of religion, advocacy for women’s rights, and insistence on social equality continue to inspire reform movements, political activism, and rationalist discourse. This paper examines Periyar’s social and political vision, evaluates the impact of his Self-Respect Movement, and explores the continuing relevance of his ideas in shaping contemporary debates on social justice and equality. By analyzing Periyar’s contributions, the paper demonstrates how rationalist thought and organized social activism can serve as powerful instruments for challenging entrenched hierarchies and promoting human dignity, providing enduring lessons for contemporary struggles against inequality in India.