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This is a Experimental Study study.

October 20, 2025Open Access

Experimental overview of electromagnetic radiation in heavy-ion collisions

Puntos clave

Direct-photon production shows universal scaling over collision systems and energies, revealing deeper insights.
Dilepton measurements from experiments at RHIC and LHC demonstrate significant interactions in quark-gluon plasma phases.
Ongoing challenges in direct-photon interpretations signal the need for enhanced experimental techniques and future studies.
New developments and measurements provide critical data to further understand heavy-ion collision dynamics.

Resumen

Electromagnetic (EM) probes such as photons and dileptons provide direct insight into the space-time evolution of the hot and dense matter formed in heavy-ion collisions. Being unaffected by strong interactions, they serve as penetrating messengers from all collision stages, from pre-equilibrium dynamics to the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and hadronic phases. This contribution summarises recent experimental results on direct-photon and dilepton production from RHIC and LHC experiments, as well as at lower energies. Particular emphasis is given to the ongoing 'direct-photon puzzle', the study of universal scaling of direct-photon production over a large range of collision systems and energies. Recent dielectron measurements from ALICE, STAR, and HADES, as well as new experimental developments at the LHC, are presented, along with perspectives for future facilities.

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