A Comparative Study of Participants in Korean and Chinese Nuo Rituals

Both Korea and China have a rich history of Nuo rituals, with those of the Koryŏ Dynasty particularly inheriting the institutional framework established by the Tang Dynasty. However, scholars from both nations have predominantly conducted research within their respective domestic contexts, resulting in a limited number of comparative studies on Sino-Korean Nuo rituals. This paper addresses a specific aspect of Nuo rituals—the participants in palace ceremonies—by examining the composition, identities, ages, and numbers of participants across different historical periods in Korea and China. Through this analysis, it elucidates the connections and distinctions between the two traditions and identifies their defining characteristics. Throughout the historical development of Nuo rituals in Korea and China, changes occurred not only in participants’ identities and numbers but also in the composition of participants, which was adjusted according to each country’s specific needs. For example, the number of participants was redistributed based on the number of palace gates, and Nuo ritual participants were selected through the state office Sŏun’gwan 서운관 (Office of Astronomical and Meteorological Records). These modifications were all made in accordance with the practical requirements of each nation. Despite the influence of Tang models on the development of Koryŏ’s Nuo rituals, these practices were not merely adopted wholesale. Instead, a process of adaptation occurred, wherein the adoption of Tang practices was accompanied by the introduction of unique adaptations, resulting in a distinct and evolving ritual tradition. By the Chosŏn era, modifications to Nuo rituals had expanded significantly to align with Korea’s unique sociopolitical context. Participants were reorganized in accordance with the protocols and demands of the Chosŏn royal court.