Global, regional, and national bladder cancer burden from 1990 to 2021 and forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis of the global disease burden study in 2021

BCa continues to exert a rising and uneven global burden. Temporal analyses revealed heterogeneous trends across regions, while projections indicate sustained increases by 2050, particularly in aging populations and resource-limited settings. Marked disparities by sex, age, and geography highlight high-risk groups requiring targeted interventions. These findings provide critical evidence to inform global health planning and prevention.