Social epidemiology of multidimensional sleep health in early adolescence

Abstract Background Poor sleep health is a significant concern in adolescents. This study examines the social epidemiology of sleep health in a large, diverse, national US sample of early adolescents. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data from Year 3 (2019–2021) of the US Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study to examine adjusted associations between sociodemographic factors and sleep duration, sleep efficiency (percentage of time asleep while in bed), chronotype (midpoint of sleep on free days), and social jet lag (difference in sleep onset between free and school days) using multiple linear regression models. Sleep metrics were derived from the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. Interaction with race/ethnicity and sleep outcomes by household income and parental education was evaluated. Results Among 10,082 adolescents (mean age 12.9 ± 0.7), average sleep duration was 8.9 (±1.5) hours, chronotype was 28.3 (midpoint 4:13 a.m.), and social jet lag was 2.3 h. Older age was associated with shorter sleep duration, later chronotype, and greater social jet lag. Gay/bisexual adolescents reported shorter sleep duration, later chronotype, and greater social jet lag. Black, Latino/Hispanic, and Native American adolescents generally had poorer sleep outcomes. Lower-income households were associated with shorter sleep duration and greater social jet lag. Black race and worse sleep outcomes were more strongly associated among higher-income/parental education households. Conclusion Sociodemographic disparities in adolescent sleep call for targeted interventions to promote healthier sleep. Impact Sociodemographic disparities in adolescent sleep health outcomes have been studied, but few have explored associations with multidimensional sleep metrics. US early adolescents reported an average sleep duration of 8.9 h, with 50.5% of 11–12-year-olds and 61.0% of 13–14-year-olds meeting the American Academy of Sleep Medicine’s sleep guidelines. Older age, gay/bisexual, Black, Latino/Hispanic, Native American, lower household income, and lower parental education were associated with worse sleep outcomes, including shorter sleep duration, later chronotype, and greater social jet lag. The association between Black race and worse sleep outcomes was stronger among higher-income/parental education households.