The immunological nexus between inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer: A molecular perspective

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are intimately linked through complex immunological mechanisms that drive chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis. Persistent immune activation in IBD fosters a microenvironment conducive to malignant transformation, yet the precise molecular pathways underpinning this relationship remain an area of active investigation. Dysregulated interactions between innate and adaptive immune responses, aberrant cytokine signaling, and immune-modulating microbial factors contribute to the pathogenesis of both diseases. Advances in molecular immunology have revealed critical checkpoints and signaling cascades that may serve as therapeutic targets, offering new strategies for intervention. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the immunological landscape bridging these two conditions, emphasizing translational implications and future research directions. By delineating key molecular pathways and immune dynamics, this work aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the interplay between chronic inflammation and colorectal tumorigenesis, fostering a deeper understanding of potential diagnostic and therapeutic advancements.