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January 17, 20260 citationsOpen Access

STUDIES ON THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF Garcinia kola (HECKEL) SEEDS AGAINST COUGH-CAUSING ORGANISMS

TOT. T OGUNBODEDEEnugu State University of Science and Technology EOEmmanuel Okey OguEnugu State University of Science and Technology

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The study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Garcinia kola seed extracts against bacteria responsible for respiratory infections.
Extracts prepared using aqueous, ethanol, and chloroform solvents.
Bacterial isolates identified through microbiological and biochemical methods.
Qualitative phytochemical analysis conducted on the extracts.
Antibacterial activity tested using agar well diffusion technique.
MIC and MBC values determined using macro broth dilution method.
Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent bacterium isolated (100%).
Aqueous extract produced the highest antimicrobial effect with inhibition zones of 24 mm for Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Ethanol and chloroform extracts showed moderate to low activity.
Aqueous extract demonstrated effective MIC and MBC at 25 mg/ml for both major bacterial pathogens.

Resumen

Cough remains a major symptom of respiratory tract infections (RTIs), many of which are caused by bacterial pathogens that are increasingly resistant to conventional antibiotics. This study investigated the antimicrobial activity of Garcinia kola seed extracts against bacteria isolated from cough swab samples. The aim was to scientifically evaluate the traditional use of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) in managing respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Bacterial isolates were identified using standard microbiological and biochemical procedures. Extracts of Garcinia kola seeds were prepared using aqueous, ethanol, and chloroform solvents. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the Garcinia kola extracts was carried out using standard methods. The antibacterial analysis was done using the agar well diffusion technique. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts were determined according to the macro broth dilution technique. The bacterial recovery pattern revealed Klebsiella pneumoniae as the most prevalent organism (100%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (70%), Haemophilus influenzae (60%), and Staphylococcus aureus (30%). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and phenols, with the aqueous extract containing the richest profile. The results of the study showed that the aqueous extract had the highest antimicrobial effect, producing zones of inhibition up to 24 mm for Streptococcus pneumoniae and 22 mm for Klebsiella pneumoniae. The ethanol and chloroform extracts demonstrated moderate to low activity. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values confirmed that the aqueous extract was effective at 25 mg/ml for both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, indicating strong antimicrobial potential. These findings provide scientific evidence supporting the use of Garcinia kola in traditional medicine for the treatment of cough and bacterial RTIs. The study highlights the potential of aqueous Garcinia kola extract as a promising candidate for the development of plant-based antimicrobial agents

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