In Ireland's temperate climate, natural succession describes the process by which ecosystems develop in complexity over time, transitioning from bare rock to old-growth forest. This progression begins with lichens and mosses colonizing exposed rock, followed by fast-growing annuals, perennials, pasture, scrub, and eventually mature forest ecosystems such as native oak woodlands. Each stage reflects increasing soil depth, organic matter accumulation, and ecological diversity.
J.C. Casey (Mon,) studied this question.