AFS are associated with moderate-to-large improvements in technical performance, particularly for foundational repetitive surgical tasks. While gains are often task-specific and largely confined to simulation settings, evidence supports AFS as a valuable adjunct to early surgical training. Integration into structured programmes, alongside expert oversight and contextual teaching, is essential to maximize benefit and ensure safe transferability to clinical practice. Small study numbers, task-specific designs, and heterogeneity limit interpretation.
Godbole et al. (Tue,) studied this question.