Smart water management systems (SWMS) have been increasingly adopted in semi-arid regions to improve irrigation efficiency and reduce water wastage. A comprehensive search strategy was employed across databases like Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies published between and were included based on predefined inclusion criteria. The review identified a significant adoption rate of SWMS at approximately 45% among surveyed farmers in semi-arid regions of northern Nigeria. SWMS have shown potential to reduce water usage by about 15-20%, translating into substantial financial savings for farmers. Given the promising findings, further research should be conducted to explore scalability and cost-effectiveness across different seasons and climate conditions. Model estimation used =argmin_ᵢ (yᵢ, f_ (xᵢ) ) +₂², with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.
Chinedu Okoro (Sun,) studied this question.
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