Abstract Orbital inflammatory diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders that affect the soft tissues of the orbit. They range from common, well-recognized entities, such as thyroid eye disease (TED) and idiopathic orbital inflammatory disorder (IOID, or orbital pseudotumor), to less common but clinically important conditions, such as toxoplasmosis-related dacryoadenitis, Tolosa–Hunt syndrome, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), sarcoidosis, and IgG4-related orbitopathy. Clinical manifestations overlap widely—pain, eyelid swelling, proptosis, diplopia, and visual disturbance which can be recurrent—making early diagnosis and careful differentiation from infectious and neoplastic conditions essential. Management strategies centre on corticosteroids and immunomodulation, with targeted biologic therapies and refined surgical approaches increasingly used for refractory and sight-threatening disease. This review synthesizes current knowledge of pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic strategy, histopathology, and evidence-based management of orbital inflammatory diseases, and outlines contemporary controversies and future directions.
Stephen et al. (Thu,) studied this question.