Airborne pollutants such as PM₂.₅ and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) have become critical threats to public health, climate stability, and environmental sustainability. Despite decades of regulatory interventions, challenges persist due to evolving pollutant profiles, transboundary dispersion, and uneven policy implementation across regions. This study investigates the evolution and comparative effectiveness of atmospheric protection policies implemented between 1990 and 2024, with the goal of identifying successful regulatory mechanisms and persistent barriers to enforcement in varying geopolitical contexts. The study employs a multidisciplinary framework combining doctrinal legal analysis with empirical air quality data and statistical modeling. Data from global air monitoring systems, international treaties, and national legislative records were analyzed using multiple linear regression, ANOVA, and spatio-temporal autoregressive models. New evaluative metrics, including Policy Impact Function (PIF), Policy Elasticity of Emission Reduction (PEER), and Tech-Policy Synergy Index (TPSI) were developed to quantify policy outcomes. Results indicate that hybrid and market-based policies reduced emissions by up to 50%, outperforming command-and-control approaches. Technological integration, especially AI-supported monitoring, significantly enhanced responsiveness. Legal certainty and public engagement correlated strongly with compliance (CYR = 91% in developed regions), while funding and capacity shortfalls hindered performance in developing nations.
Salman et al. (Sun,) studied this question.