March 3, 2026Open Access

Not every classroom lifts you up: school academic emphasis, teacher encouragement and motivation, and student constraints in reading achievement—a multilevel latent profile analysis

Puntos clave

Strong academic culture positively impacts classroom instruction and student motivation.
School academic emphasis is crucial in determining how effective teaching methods are perceived by students.
Multilevel latent profile analysis was employed to understand varied instructional impacts across schools.
This framework emphasizes the need for better policies to nurture academic environments that improve reading outcomes.

Resumen

This study contributes theoretically by extending the School Effectiveness framework to show that school academic culture shapes the impact of classroom practices. The findings refine this framework by illustrating that instructional effects differ across schools with varying levels of academic emphasis. These results underscore the need for policies and leadership practices that cultivate strong academic cultures to enhance the effectiveness of classroom instruction.

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