Modeling, Simulation, and Experimental Evaluation of Underwater Ultrasonic Energy Harvesting and Transmission Using Piezoelectric Transducers

ABSTRACT The paper provides a detailed exploration of piezoelectric transducers in the context of transmission and harvesting ultrasonic energy underwater through integrated theoretical study, finite element analysis, and experimental studies. The piezoelectric transducer is utilized in underwater wireless power transmission (UWPT) research and applications are commonly constructed in the form of a circular wafer. First, this paper demonstrates a way of analyzing maximum potential difference in different piezoelectric materials, such as PZT‐based and lithium niobates, in COMSOL Multiphysics software. The purpose of the following analysis is to identify the maximum potential difference obtained in the case where relative permittivity depends on the applied pressure. Second, frequency dependent impedance and efficiency have been determined by driving analytic expressions of the constitutive equations of the electrical equivalent circuit (Thevenin) model. Third, a new type of UWPT process is suggested where a piezoelectric wafer transducer is used to create a connection between the transmitter and the receiver sections in an underwater setting. The ultrasonic transducer of the circular wafer type has been subjected to a finite element analysis (FEA) to assess the stress distribution, electric potential coupling, acoustic pressure fields, sound pressure fields and radiation patterns at varying excitation frequencies (20–80 kHz). Fourth, input and output properties of the proposed model, and electrical equivalent circuit model are simulated in COMSOL software. Lastly, the experimental data proves and validates the simulation and theoretical outcomes. The finding shows that the proposed model is an accurate and comprehensive description of resonance, energy transmission and harvesting in the system. This research improves the performance of Underwater Wireless Power Transfer (UWPT) systems. This is achieved by developing a refined equivalent circuit that precisely models the full process, from ultrasonic wave transmission and piezoelectric reception to final energy harvesting. This study has immersed theoretical implications and practical recommendations for future UWPT studies.