Abstract. Buildings represent a significant portion of global energy demand, with the European Union accounting for approximately 40% of total energy consumption and 36% of CO₂ emissions. In response to these pressing challenges, the concept of Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) has emerged as a forward-thinking framework. This concept incorporates elements of urban decarbonization and energy sharing mechanisms. The primary objectives of PEDs are to enhance energy efficiency and to advance environmental, social, and economic sustainability within urban settings. Several key projects, including MAKING-CITY, POCITYF, ATELIER, CityxChange, PROPEL, and PED4ALL, are being undertaken to facilitate the large-scale deployment and replication of PEDs.This study aims to examine the definitions and evolving scope of the PED concept, review significant European Union-funded initiatives, and highlight the vital role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the planning and implementation of PEDs. GIS offers robust advantages in the management, analysis, and visualization of spatial data. Furthermore, a comparison of 2D and 3D GIS applications underscores that 3D-GIS enables more detailed and realistic analyses, facilitating accurate evaluations of solar potential, shading effects, and renewable energy capacity at both the building and district levels. The findings indicate that the integration of GIS, particularly through 3D-based analyses, significantly enhances the feasibility, scalability, and decision-making processes associated with PED initiatives.
Koçyiğit et al. (Tue,) studied this question.