Addressing stakeholder dynamics in megaprojects: a framework for governance

Purpose Megaprojects require robust mechanisms for managing complex stakeholder relationships, particularly in unpredictable environments where traditional models are inadequate. In response to these challenges, this paper critically examines the conventional technical approach to stakeholder management and underscores the significance of social and emotional factors in project governance. Design/methodology/approach This study introduces the hybrid influence model (HIM) as a novel framework for understanding stakeholder dynamics. HIM integrates three core elements: the structural configuration of relationships (via social network analysis), the substantive issues under discussion (via thematic analysis) and the emotional dimensions (via sentiment analysis). Operationalising HIM involves mapping the stakeholder network to identify key influencers, conducting thematic analyses to elucidate core issues and performing sentiment analysis to assess emotional impact. This approach is designed for systematic replication and adaptation across contexts. The framework was developed and tested in the Istanbul-Ankara railway project, and its results were compared with projects in India, Germany and Brazil. Findings The HIM reveals a significant gap between formal authority and informal influence. For instance, governmental representatives were the most active, exhibiting the highest number of connections (0.75), whereas environmental NGOs demonstrated the greatest informal power (influence: 0.80). These patterns are conceptualised as “narrative leverage,” where unofficial actors shape public debate and “broker strain,” where key intermediaries experience overload. Integrating data on relationships, topics and emotions enables targeted intervention planning and the development of a more resilient project environment. Practical implications HIM provides project managers and policymakers with a replicable method for discerning the priorities of diverse stakeholder groups. The model suggests strategies for more effective problem targeting, such as supporting key mediators or establishing focused discussion groups, thereby facilitating conflict avoidance, time savings and enhanced public trust. Originality/value By systematically examining relational structures, thematic content and emotional dynamics, HIM delivers more precise insights than previous models. The framework facilitates the identification and resolution of two principal governance challenges – unofficial groups’ influence and the strain on key intermediaries – thereby enabling more focused and actionable interventions.