March 3, 2026Open Access

Analysis and problems of the world’s practical experience in the extraction of minerals by the combined open-pit and underground method

Puntos clave

Open-pit and underground mining methods must adapt to reduce environmental costs and improve efficiency.
Analysis shows that 99.74% of changes in environmental costs relate directly to operational factors in mining.
Employing a comprehensive strategy for transitioning to combined mining methods is critical for sustainability.
Long-term planning should prioritize combined mining methods to mitigate environmental issues associated with mining.

Resumen

The purpose of this paper was to review and analyse the world practice of combined open-pit and underground mining with further justification of its application at mining enterprises in Kryvyi Rih. The following methods have been used: analysis of practical experience in mining by the combined open-pit and underground method of the world’s most famous mines; generalisation of the shortcomings of technogenically destructive technologies of open-pit mining of iron ore raw materials and modern environmental problems of open-pit mining; calculations of the multifactorial structure of dependence in the operation of a mining enterprise on environmental losses; methods of analysis. It has been established that it is necessary to develop a comprehensive strategy for the transition from the existing open-pit mining technology to the technologies of open-pit and underground mining, taking into account the stress-strain state of the rock mass. The relationship between iron ore production at mining enterprises and environmental costs was established. The results of the calculations showed that 99.74% of the variability of environmental costs is explained by changes in the factors affecting the environment, which are calculated in the presented structure, and the remaining residuals are due to the effect of unaccounted factors. The paper investigated and developed transitional technologies with the formation of an underground mining complex on the side of a quarry. A review and analysis of the problems of transition from open-pit mining to the technology of combined open-pit and underground mining of iron ore raw materials was carried out. It was established that in the long-term planning of the development of mining enterprises for the future, preference should be given to the combined or underground mining method. Based on the practical experience of world mines with combined production, a comprehensive strategy for the transition from the existing open-pit mining technology to the technology of open-pit and underground mining has been developed, taking into account the stress-strain state of the rock mass. The practical significance is to develop the optimal technology in the future, taking into account the identified shortcomings and problems of the combined open-pit and underground method at world mines for the conditions of the Kryvyi Rih iron ore basin

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