Effects of the Dental Implant Surface Topography and Macrophage Polarisation on Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis

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• Macrophage polarisation influences osteogenesis and angiogenesis during the healing process.
• Specific surface topographies enhance macrophage activation and subsequently promote bone formation and blood vessel growth.
• Assessment of different implant surfaces on macrophage behaviour was conducted to understand their effect on healing.
• Findings indicate that optimal implant surface design could significantly improve healing outcomes in dental procedures.