Simultaneous refinement of matrix grains and Pb-rich phases in hypomonotectic Cu-10Pb-10Sn alloys via La microalloying for enhanced strength and wear resistance

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• Enhanced strength is achieved by refining matrix grains and Pb-rich phases, leading to improved alloy performance.
• The study indicates a notable increase in wear resistance, showcasing the benefits of La microalloying.
• Assessment using advanced metallurgical analysis reveals critical structural changes in the alloy composition.
• This approach suggests potential applications in industries requiring durable materials, though further testing is needed.