The aim of this study is to understand and evaluate the WEFE Nexus interlinkages related to tsunami-type natural hazards incorporating the Nexus dimensions of Water, Energy, Food, Ecosystems, Climate, Soil, Land Use, Health, Transport, and Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The Nexus tree approach is employed in analyzing the case studies of three tsunami events. The case studies are selected based on the location and the triggering mechanism. İzmit tsunami occurred in 1999 in Marmara Sea due to the Izmit Earthquake; Samos tsunami occurred in 2020 in Aegean Sea due to the Samos earthquake; and Karrat Fjord tsunami occurred in 2017 due to the landslide to Karrat Isfjord. To develop the nexus interlinkage matrix for tsunamis, the implications of interlinkages are determined according to the short-term, mid-term and long-term time scales for each case study. Then, the synthesis of the interlinkages of all case studies are performed to determine the common nexus interlinkages among the case studies. Finally, an inventory of recommendations for decoupling the interlinkages is developed under the categories of operational, tactical, and strategic levels. Analyses of the three tsunami events show that tsunamis impact Water-Transport, Water-Soil, Water-Health, Water-Food, Water-Energy and Water-Ecosystem Interlinkages significantly. Both the ports and coastal roads are severely damaged and inundated with flood waters resulting in major disruptions in sea and ground transportation. Moreoever, enormous amounts of debris flow and sediment transport are observed during tsunamis, disturbing the soil cover and causing erosion and deposition in the seabed, which negatively affect biodiversity and the ecosystem. Implementation of coastal forest as Nature-based Solutions (Nbs) to control tsunami sediment movement and construction of barrier structures such as breakwaters and seawalls, coastal dike, water gates to block the tsunami are among the featured recommendations as effective long-term measures.
Kazezyılmaz-Alhan et al. (Wed,) studied this question.