An underground constant-pressure CAES system based on staged multi-level compression: Thermodynamic modeling and performance analysis

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• This analysis suggests improved performance of constant-pressure systems over traditional models.
• Increased efficiency and energy recovery rates are observed, particularly under varying conditions.
• Thermodynamic modeling assessments create insights into operational dynamics of CAES technology.
• Performance analysis underscores the need for optimized staging in compression techniques to enhance energy storage.