The trojan horse in agricultural water: How microbe-mediated interactions of nanoplastics and flame retardants drive multiscale toxicity and seed transmission in rye

Puntos clave

• Toxicity is observed in rye due to microbe-mediated interactions with nanoplastics.
• Findings reveal that both nanoplastics and flame retardants contribute significantly to toxicity.
• Analysis of chemical interactions demonstrates potential seed transmission of harmful agents.
• Implications highlight environmental concerns about agricultural water quality and crop safety.