Eco-Friendly Pesticides in Smallholder Farming: Performance and Health Impacts in Northern Uganda,

This review examines the use of eco-friendly pesticides in smallholder farming in northern Uganda, focusing on their performance and health impacts. A systematic search strategy was employed using databases such as PubMed, Agrovoc, and Google Scholar. Studies published between and were included based on predefined inclusion criteria related to the use of eco-friendly pesticides in smallholder farming systems in northern Uganda. The review identified a significant proportion (65%) of studies reporting positive health impacts associated with using eco-friendly pesticides, though variability exists across different types and formulations of these products. Overall, the literature supports the use of eco-friendly pesticides for smallholder farming in northern Uganda but highlights the need for further research to address specific challenges such as cost-effectiveness and regulatory compliance. Farmers and policymakers should prioritise training on safe pesticide application techniques and consider subsidies or incentives to promote adoption of eco-friendly products. Future studies are recommended to explore long-term health impacts and economic feasibility. The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.