This study examines the variation in informal employment riskacross sub-regions in Türkiye and assesses the extent to which regional differences contribute to thisrisk.It further investigates how this regional variation differs by gender, therebyassessing whether women and men face different risks of informal employmentacross regions. The findings reveal substantialregional differences in the risk of informal employment; regional differences contribute10.2% to the overall variation in informal employment risk, with 9.2% for malesand 15.4% for females. Furthermore, gender-baseddisparities in the risk of informal employment varies between sub-regions, demonstratingconsiderable spatial heterogeneity.
Selçuk Gemicioğlu (Sun,) studied this question.