This study synthesizes the literature on climate change adaptation and technological change among Indonesian oil palm farmers. Drawing on a narrative review of studies published between 2010 and 2025, it brings together evidence on socioeconomic conditions, institutional and policy settings, and environmental and technological challenges. The analysis emphasizes that farmers do not adapt to climate change directly, but primarily through the adoption of new technologies and practices. The results matrix shows that factors such as farmer capacity, market incentives, and governance structures shape whether climate pressures lead to meaningful technological upgrading, while regulatory and cost barriers may restrict inclusive adaptation. Overall, the review demonstrates that building resilience in the oil palm sector requires policy coherence between sustainability standards, technology dissemination, and economic support mechanisms to secure the long-term viability of Indonesia’s palm oil industry.
Ernah et al. (Fri,) studied this question.