What does this research mean for the field?

Active retrieval improves learning outcomes compared to passive study, but the testing effect may not generalize to all learners, particularly those with learning disabilities like dyslexia. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.NOVEL_FINDING. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.CHALLENGES_CONSENSUS.

What question did this study set out to answer?

To explore the effectiveness of active retrieval in learning and its implications for learners with disabilities.

March 12, 2026Open Access

Trends in testing effect research: from lab to classroom, but not yet for all learners

Puntos clave

To explore the effectiveness of active retrieval in learning and its implications for learners with disabilities.
Analysis of 23,850 publications on testing effects
Focus on educational applications of active retrieval
Case study of dyslexia to evaluate theory and practice
Active retrieval significantly improves learning outcomes in general populations
Limited research on testing effects in learners with learning disabilities
Need identified for tailored interventions for neurodiverse learners

Resumen

Active retrieval leads to better learning outcomes than passive study. This perspective, in which we analyze 23,850 publications, reveals an increasing focus on the educational applications of this testing effect but limited attention to subpopulations with learning disabilities. Using dyslexia as a case study, we identify theoretical grounds to question whether testing effects generalize universally, highlighting the need for empirical research. Future research should examine benefits of testing in neurodiverse learners to develop tailored interventions.

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