"background": "Rigorous evaluation of clinical outcomes in low-resource primary healthcare systems is methodologically challenging, particularly in remote rural settings where randomised controlled trials are often impractical. There is a critical evidence gap regarding the causal impact of service delivery models on patient health in such contexts. ", "purpose and objectives": "This case study aimed to demonstrate the application of a quasi-experimental design to estimate the effect of a redesigned community-based service delivery model on key clinical outcomes within a rural primary healthcare system. ", "methodology": "We employed a difference-in-differences design, leveraging the phased rollout of the service model across clinics. The primary analysis used a linear regression model: Y{it = \0 + \1 (Treatmentit) + \2 (Postt) + \3 (Treatmentit \ Postt) +, where Y₈ₓ is the clinical outcome for clinic i at time t. Inference was based on cluster-robust standard errors at the clinic level. ", "findings": "The intervention was associated with a statistically significant improvement in the composite management score for antenatal care, with an estimated increase of 15. 2 percentage points (95% CI: 8. 7, 21. 7). No significant effect was detected on postnatal care indicators within the study period. ", "conclusion": "The quasi-experimental approach provided a viable method for causal inference in a complex operational setting, revealing that the service model had a selective, positive impact on specific clinical pathways. ", "recommendations": "Programme planners should consider phased implementation to facilitate robust evaluation. Future evaluations should incorporate longer follow-up periods to capture lagged effects on outcomes like postnatal care. ", "key words": "quasi-experimental design, primary healthcare, clinical outcomes, difference-in-differences, health systems evaluation, rural health", "contribution statement": "This study provides a novel methodological blueprint for conducting rigorous
Gebreselassie et al. (Wed,) studied this question.