Unpacking Work‐Related and Sexual Exploitation of Migrant Girls in Ghana's Urban Markets

ABSTRACT This study investigates the prevalence, patterns and predictors of both work‐related and sexual exploitation among Kayayei (female adolescent head porters) in Ghana's urban markets, specifically Makola and Agbogbloshie. Employing a mixed‐methods approach, the study surveyed 339 Kayayei and conducted focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Quantitative findings revealed high levels of exploitation, with 84.8% reporting work‐related and 67.8% reporting sexual‐related exploitation. Younger age (10–12 years), lower educational attainment and informal work status were significant predictors of vulnerability. Common forms of exploitation included underpayment, carrying excessive loads, lack of rest and sexual coercion. The theory of structural violence (TSV) was applied to contextualise how systemic inequalities, such as poverty, gender discrimination and lack of legal protections, perpetuate the exploitation of Kayayei . Qualitative narratives affirmed that Kayayei face sexual harassment, transactional sex, survival sex and rape, which are often normalised and underreported. These findings confirm existing literature but extend understanding by emphasising the intersection of structural factors and lived experiences of exploitation. The study concludes that without systemic reforms in policy, education, legal frameworks and social protection, the cyclical abuse of Kayayei will persist. Recommendations for targeted interventions and reforms are provided.