Among the most damaging natural disasters, earthquakes cause substantial structural damage, fatalities, and economic disruption across the world. Many traditional structures in India and across the world have historically been built primarily to withstand vertical gravity loads, sometimes with insufficient ability to endure lateral pressures brought on by seismic activity. Strong ground motion increases the likelihood of structural failures such brittle behavior, soft-story mechanisms, and foundation instability. This review study provides a thorough summary of the structural systems and design ideas used in India and throughout the world to withstand earthquakes. It covers basic ideas that constitute the foundation of seismic design philosophy, such as ductility, stiffness, strength, energy dissipation, and soil– structure interaction. The efficacy of important structural systems under seismic loads is assessed, including shear walls, braced frames, moment-resisting frames, base isolation systems, and additional damping devices. The importance of appropriate reinforcing details, high-quality materials, and rigorous adherence to seismic design regulations and standards is also emphasized in the review. Performance-based earthquake design techniques that guarantee life protection and controlled structure damage are emphasized. The study emphasizes the necessity of ongoing research and integrated engineering methods to improve structural resilience in areas that are vulnerable to earthquakes.
Dubal et al. (Fri,) studied this question.