What question did this study set out to answer?

The research aims to develop a sustainable adsorbent from banana peel and chitosan for removing synthetic dyes from water.

March 17, 2026

Sustainable organic dye remediation using a sulfonated lignocellulosic biomass (banana peel, Musa spp. )/chitosan composite: kinetic, isotherm, and adsorption optimization

Puntos clave

The research aims to develop a sustainable adsorbent from banana peel and chitosan for removing synthetic dyes from water.
Synthesis of sulfonated lignocellulosic biomass and chitosan composite (CTS/SBP)
Characterization techniques including CHNS-O, FTIR, BET, and XRD
Optimization using Box-Behnken Design for dosage, pH, and duration
Analysis of adsorption fitting with Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-first-order models
Adsorption capacity of CTS/SBP measured at 667.68 mg/g for crystal violet dye
Spontaneity of dye adsorption confirmed by negative Gibbs free energy values
Endothermic adsorption process indicated by positive enthalpy and entropy changes
Physisorption identified as the primary mechanism through kinetic model agreement

Resumen

The increasing discharge of synthetic dyes into aquatic environments has raised serious environmental concerns, prompting the need for sustainable and cost-effective treatment solutions. Herein, a sustainable biocomposite of sulfonated lignocellulosic biomass (banana peel, Musa spp.)/chitosan polymer composite (CTS/SBP) was produced to be an efficient adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet (CV) dye from water systems. The physicochemical properties of CTS/SBP were investigated by the use of several techniques, including CHNS-O, FTIR, BET, pHpzc, XRD, EDX, and FESEM measurements. When optimizing the adsorption performance of CTS/SBP, the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was adopted, considering several elements, including the dosage of CTS/SBP (0.03-0.09 g), the pH (4-10), and the duration (10-70 min). In terms of the experimental data of CV adsorption by CTS/SBP, the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-first-order models are in good agreement with the obtained results. The negative values of Gibbs free energy (ΔG° = -4.919 to -6.964 kJ/mol) confirm the spontaneity of the CV dye adsorption. Furthermore, the positive enthalpy (ΔH° = 15.403 kJ/mol) and entropy (ΔS° = 0.0681 kJ/molK) changes indicate an endothermic process accompanied by an increase in disorder at the solid-liquid interface. The adsorption of CV dye by CTS/SBP is identified as physisorption, based on its conformity to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and a Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption energy of 1.112 kJ/mol, a value characteristic of physical adsorption processes. The adsorption capacity of CTS/SBP was measured to be 667.68 mg/g. One of the primary reasons for the significant adsorption of CV onto CTS/SBP is the presence of electrostatic interaction between the CTS/SBP's acidic groups and the CV's positive group. The obtained data illustrate a sustainable, environmentally friendly, and green method to produce effective adsorbents, opening the door for the development of adsorbents produced from renewable resources as a viable substitute for the removal of cationic dyes from polluted water.

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