This version (v2) introduces regime differentiation based on Δt (Q) and extends the framework for interpreting DC–AC charging behavior. Unlike voltage-based metrics, Δt (Q) compares charging processes at identical states, revealing that apparent voltage acceleration does not necessarily correspond to faster state progression. The results show that charging behavior organizes into distinct regimes (misleading, transitional, effective, and boundary). A preliminary time-scale parameter Π is introduced as an organizing variable, while the excitation strength κ = A / IDC is identified as an additional gating factor. This work establishes a state-based perspective for evaluating fast charging and highlights the importance of regime-dependent interpretation.
Jiaxing Lu (Sun,) studied this question.